Simple equations on Surds

Numbers such as 6, 0.37, 0.6 can be express as exact fractions or ratio: 6/1, 37/100, 2/3. these are called rational numbers.

 

Numbers which cannot be written as ratio are called irrational or non-rational numbers. pie is an example of an irrational number.

 

pie= 3.141592....

 

 Methods of Manipulating Surd

1. Simplification of Surd

2. Addition & Subtraction of Surd

3. Multiplication & Division of Surd

4. Conjugate of a Surd

General Rules for Solving Surd

1. Figures with figures and roots with roots.

2. When multiplying roots of similar values, you remove the roots and take only one of the values.

1. Simplification of Surd

Examples;

Simplify the following surd;

Solution

Split 

 



by searching for factors of 50 whereby at least one of them must be a perfect square.

Following this rule, the factors should be either 5 & 10 or 25 & 2 or 50 & 1 but 25 & 2 should be the most appropriate factor here because you can at least find the square root of 25 which makes it a perfect square.

Solution

Factors of 32 will be 16 & 2;

Note that at least one of the factors must be a perfect square.

Solution

The Geometry of Triangles

Definitions and formulas for the area of a triangle, the sum of the angles of a triangle, the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean triples and special triangles (the 30-60-90 triangle and the 45-45-90 triangle)
Just scroll down or click on what you want and I'll scroll down for you!
 

examples of triangles	area of a triangle	sum of the angles of a triangle
The Pythagorean Theorem	special Pythagorean triples	special triangles 45-45-90 & 36-60-90

Examples of triangles:

The area of a triangle:

The sum of the angles of a triangle:

Always, always, ALWAYS!

The Pythagorean Theorem:
	This formula is for right triangles only! The sides, a and b, of a right triangle are called the legs, and the side that is opposite to the right (90 degree) angle, c, is called the hypotenuse.  This formula will help you find the length of either a, b or c, if you are given the lengths of the other two.
Some special Pythagorean numbers:
These are called Pythagorean triples.                      The reason that they are so special is that they are whole numbers -- none of those weird decimals, fractions or radicals!

Special Triangles:
	The 30-60-90 Triangle: If you have one side, you can use these formulas (and maybe a little algebra) to get the others.
	The 45-45-90 Triangle: If you have one side, you can use these formulas (and maybe a little algebra) to get the others.

 Solving Trigonometry with examples

There are two new vocabulary terms that may appear in application problems.
 

Angle of Elevation:
In this diagram, xº marks the angle of elevation of the top of the tree as seen from a point on the ground.	The angle of elevation is always measured from the ground up. It is an upward angle from a horizontal line. It is always inside the triangle. You can think of the angle of elevation in relation to the movement of your eyes. You are looking straight ahead and you must raise (elevate) your eyes to see the top of a tree. When trying to remember the meaning of an angle of elevation think of an elevator that only goes up!
Angle of Depression:
In this diagram, xº marks the angle of depression of the boat at sea from the top of the lighthouse.	The angle of depression is always OUTSIDE the triangle. It is never inside the triangle. It is a downward angle from a horizontal line. You can think of the angle of depression in relation to the movement of your eyes. You are standing at the top of the lighthouse and you are looking straight ahead. You must lower (depress) your eyes to see the boat in the water.
Notice how the horizontal line in the angle of depression diagram is PARALLEL to the ground level. The fact that horizontal lines are always parallel guarantees that the alternate interior angles are equal in measure. In the diagram, the angle marked xº is equal in measure to m∠BAC. Simply stated, this means that ... → the angle of elevation = the angle of depression ←
	When solving a problem with an angle of depression you need to find the measure of an angle INSIDE the triangle. There are two options: Option 1: find the angle inside the triangle that is adjacent (next door) to the angle of depression. This adjacent angle will always be the complement of the angle of depression, since the horizontal line and the vertical line are perpendicular (90º). In the diagram at the left, the adjacent angle is 52º.
	Option 2: utilize the fact that the angle of depression = the angle of elevation and label ∠BAC as 38º inside the triangle. Notice that both options, the answer is the same.

Let's see how to put these skills to work in word problems.

A nursery plants a new tree and attaches a guy wire to help support the tree while its roots take hold. An eight foot wire is attached to the tree and to a stake in the ground. From the stake in the ground the angle of elevation of the connection with the tree is 42º. Find to the nearest tenth of a foot, the height of the connection point on the tree.

SOLUTION: • A "guy" wire is a support wire used to hold a newly planted tree in place, preventing it from bending or up-rooting during high winds. • The "angle of elevation" is from the ground up. • It is assumed that the tree is vertical, making it perpendicular with the ground. • This problem deals with "opposite" and "hypotenuse" making it a sine problem. •

From the top of a fire tower, a forest ranger sees his partner on the ground at an angle of depression of 40º. If the tower is 45 feet in height, how far is the partner from the base of the tower, to the nearest tenth of a foot?

SOLUTION: • Remember that the "angle of depression" is from a horizontal line of sight downward. • It is assumed that the tower is vertical, making it perpendicular with the ground. • This solution will use alternate interior angles from the parallel horizontal lines, so place 40º inside the triangle by the partner (bottom right). • This solution deals with "opposite" and "adjacent" making it a tangent problem. •

Find the shadow cast by a 10 foot lamp post when the angle of elevation of the sun is 58º. Find the length to the nearest tenth of a foot.

SOLUTION: • Remember that the "angle of elevation" is from the horizontal ground line upward. • It is assumed that the lamp post is vertical, making it perpendicular with the ground. • Shadows are on the ground! If you place the "shadow" on the hypotenuse you have created an apparition ( a "ghost"), not a shadow! • This solution deals with "opposite" and "adjacent" making it a tangent problem. •

Not all trigonometry word problems will use the terms "angle of elevation" or "angle of depression". You may need to read carefully to see where to indicate the angle in the problem.

A ladder leans against a brick wall. The foot of the ladder is 6 feet from the wall. The ladder reaches a height of 15 feet on the wall. Find to the nearest degree, the angle the ladder makes with the wall.

SOLUTION: • In this problem place xº where the ladder meets the wall. Do not assume that the angle will always be at the ground level. • It is assumed that the wall is vertical, perpendicular with the ground. • The foot of the ladder is the bottom of the ladder, where it hits the ground. • This solution deals with "opposite" and "adjacent" making it a tangent problem. •

It may be the case that a problem will be composed of two overlapping right triangles.

A radio station tower was built in two sections. From a point 87 feet from the base of the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the first section is 25º, and the angle of elevation of the top of the second section is 40º. To the nearest foot, what is the height of the top section of the tower?

SOLUTION: • Think of this problem as working with two separate triangles: (1) the larger triangle with the 40º angle and a vertical side that represents the ENTIRE height, b, of the tower, and (2) the smaller triangle with the 25º angle and a vertical side, a, that represents the height of the first (bottom) section of the tower. • Solve for the vertical heights (b and a) in the two separate triangles. • The needed height, x, of the second (top) section of the tower will be the difference between the ENTIRE height, b, and the height of the first (bottom) section, a. You will need to subtract. • In both triangles, the solution deals with "opposite" and "adjacent" making it a tangent problem. • Larger triangle with height b: • Smaller triangle with height a: • Difference (b - a): 73.00166791 - 40.56876626 = 32.43290165 ≈ 32 feet